Listen to thisThis article examines a model of prevention in high-risk children in a school using a Child and Youth Worker orientation. The work took place as part of a 25-year longitudinal research project which was a policy demonstration project examining the effects of a community-based approach to prevention for young children. Specific guiding concepts such as the child at the centre, the school as a hub, and an approach based on ecological principles and community development framed the development of programs and initiatives. Statistically significant results point the way to validating the approaches taken as best practices and also suggest a need to blend a child-centred, ecological orientation with the formal school system.
This article is a description of one community’s response, under the direction of a child and youth worker, to the plight of its children who were at risk of experiencing serious mental health and developmental problems. The article lays out the challenge that relates to children at risk, the government response, the community response, and the results achieved. In doing so, it highlights best practice approaches to children and communities at risk that arise from a child and youth work approach.
The Problem
In 1989, it was documented that 18% of children in Ontario were
exhibiting serious mental health disorders, and only one in six had had
any contact with a social service or mental health agency (Offord,
Boyle, & Racine, 1989). It was also highlighted that all children had
had contact with a physician or a school (Offord et al., 1989). This
pointed the way to important points of contact for the delivery of
services to children at risk as well as all other children. This picture
of the vulnerability of children has again been reiterated in the work
presented in the “Early Years Study" (McCain & Mustard, 2002).
The Government Response
In 1990, the Ontario government announced the launch of a multi-site
initiative which was a “25-year longitudinal prevention-policy research
demonstration project to provide information on the effectiveness of
prevention as a policy for children" (Government of Ontario, 1990). It
became very much a matter of participatory research at many of the
sites.
This initiative focussed on preventing emotional and behavioural problems, promoting positive general development in young children, improving family and neighbourhood characteristics, ensuring the connection and coordination of existing services for children and families, and involving local residents in project development and implementation. The intent was also to assess the cost benefits of using prevention approaches that reduce the involvement of children and families in remedial education programs, child welfare services, mental health services, youth justice services, and health services.
The Community
A number of characteristics define the Highfield community, one of the
eight sites in Ontario selected for this research, which would focus on
school children between the ages of four and eight. Its school, one of
the fastest-growing inner-city schools in the northwest part of Toronto
(it had 18 portables on site), reached upwards of 1,000 children in five
years, serving children only up to grade five. Upwards of 36% of all
families were headed by a single parent. Sixty-four percent of the
families reported living below the Canada Low Income Cut Off level,
which is widely regarded as the poverty line. Unemployment was high. The
average family income dropped in the mid 90’s as the provincial
Conservatives began to oversee an era of prosperity that spread
throughout most, but obviously not all, of Ontario. This community was
also a magnet for new immigrants. Over 40 different language groups were
identified in this community. What one saw was the ongoing ghettoization
of poverty, with children, single mothers, and new immigrant families
becoming the locus of this form of economic inequity.
The Community’s Response: The Guiding
Concepts
Over the 18 months following the date of site selection, members of the
community came together to continue to fashion their vision and to
create programs for children, families, the school, and the larger
community. There were four major guiding concepts that served as a
foundation for the programs that were developed. In addition, associated
principles for each concept were defined.
The first guiding concept was that all programs and efforts would either directly or indirectly benefit young children about to enter, or entering, their early school years. Supporting this central focus was a view of the child as a whole child who was developing physically, socially, emotionally, cognitively, and psychologically There were significant points of transition in this developmental journey leading up to school entry To support children on this path, it was important that they be provided with caring adults and trusting relationships outside of the home over a number of years. Finally what complemented this focus on children was attention to the development of their own cultural identity in a mainstream context.
The second guiding concept was that the school was central to the children and their development since it was the place where they spent most of their day. It was the ideal vehicle for the provision of programs, enhancements, and opportunities as well as being a hub and centre for the community. However, with respect to these roles, a significant culture and value shift was required on the part of the school and its personnel in order for the vision to become reality The school needed to partner, and accept as equals, sectors and individuals that had their own culture, their own language, and their own viewpoints.
The third guiding concept was the adoption of an ecological orientation in the development of the programs that were provided for children. This concept needed to be infused with the power necessary to support an interactive dynamic between the various elements in this system. This was achieved by providing workers (called family enrichment workers) who worked with the children throughout the year in their homes and in the classroom. These workers provided a bridge between the different contexts as well as vital relationships for the children, families, and teachers.
The fourth guiding concept was the adoption of a community development approach to the Highfield project activities. When “building communities from the inside out", the orientation is on assets, strengths and capacities (Kretzman & McKnight, 1993). Specifically, this meant positioning the school as the hub and the centre of the community in order to develop and support the capacities and strengths found in the community. The school became the location of choice for events and activities for the larger community. For parents and grandparents, it became a place for meaningful involvement and skill development through employment and volunteering opportunities. It became the location for the provision of services for different groups and for different needs such as ESL programs, parenting programs, and leadership development.
The Programs
The following description provides a sampling of programs and activities
offered that were a reflection of the guiding concepts.
For children to be successful at school, school readiness was an underlying focus of a host of pre-school programs. A Family Resource Centre was set up which focussed on the various abilities and experiences young children needed to make a successful transition to school. Some of the programs provided included:
a regular pre-school drop-in program;
a toy and book library with dual language books (translation from English into Hindi);
a variety of language enrichment programs/supports;
a computer experience program;
parent workshops;
a summer program for children and families entering school.
To support the children's success once in school and in the classroom, family enrichment workers began working with the children in a school readiness program during the summer prior to the start of school. These workers supported the children over the next four years of schooling. This began a process of providing a caring relationship that lasted for at least four years for some children. Time and again, teachers cited the evident differences in children who attended these programs, pointing out their readiness to participate in a more formal learning environment.
The family enrichment workers were the means by which the ecological perspective was infused with a dynamic element. These workers gave support not only to children in the classroom and in the home but also to their families. This reduced the child-to-adult ratio within the classroom. They were able to provide academic and emotional support to the children both in the school and at home. In addition, these workers, who were hired from the local community and came from the larger cultural ethnic groups, provided not only a bridge from home to school but also a bridge from the family’s culture to the school’s culture.
To actualize the vision of the school as a hub of the community, many events, activities and programs were staged at the school to ensure that all members of the community could access the school. There were four major cultural events implemented each year: two for the South Asian community; one for the Black community; and one, a multicultural event, for the whole community. A variety of services and programs were offered including: a pre-natal nutrition support program by the Department of Health; parent education workshops by the Children's Aid Society; “Nobody’s Perfect” in native languages (Somali and Punjabi); heritage language classes for children; FSL classes for adults; and support for a developing Black Students' Association. Lastly, many of the regular and fee-for-service staff who worked on the Project were local residents. Over 100 volunteers actively supported the project and were recognized each year for their contribution.
The partnership between the school and the Project led to a number of shared efforts that also supported shared values. The focus on active living and physical education resulted in the development of a skating program for all children in the school. This required securing over 300 pairs of skates. The school, through the support of the Project, adopted the Lion's Quest model of social skill development. An intergenerational program was set up between a local senior care facility and the grade threes. All 1000 children in the school received one of breakfast, lunch or a nutritious snack. A wetlands was developed on the school site. Reading enrichment programs were developed. What seemed to be one of the ongoing results of the partnership was that the school conveyed a sense of openness and welcome towards members of the community, especially parents and other family members.
The Results
Effects on children, in such a complex effort as this, can be a
challenge to measure at the best of times. This challenge is increased
when the nature of the work is such that outcomes manifest themselves
much later. However, the Highfield Project, after the four years of the
pilot demonstration stage, has demonstrated statistically significant
results in a number of areas. These results need to be seen against the
backdrop of the risk markers and challenges that exist for children in a
community such as Highfield where there are high levels of poverty,
large numbers of single parent families, many families living in
subsidized housing (Offord et al., 1989), and many new-Canadian
families.
The results point toward hoped for and intended cost savings achieved through the reduction in the provision of specialized intervention services in these children's futures in the areas of mental health, health, remedial education, child welfare, and youth justice. Ultimately, it is hoped that the investments made in these children and their continued schooling and social success will lead them to complete school, gain employment, maintain positive relationships, and be contributing members of their community.
The statistically significant results for the following areas include:
Children's mental health
- significantly lower rates of anxiety and depression
- improved social skills
Children's health
- improved parent ratings of their child's health
Quality of Schools
- decreased Special Education placements (which increased in control
sites)
- increased satisfaction ratings by families concerning both their
children's teacher and school.
Quality of Local Neighbourhoods
- increased satisfaction with conditions in their dwellings
Parent Health and well-being
-
reduction of smoking by mothers and others in the home from 46% to
26%
Parent and Family Functioning
- highly significant patterns of improvement on measures of stress,
social support, depression, marital satisfaction, and general family
functioning (Peters, Petrunka, & Arnold, 2003, p. 224)
Best Practices for School-Based Child and
Youth Work
What is being suggested as best practices in this demonstration project
are skills and approaches often applied by child and youth workers in
individual and small-group situations but, in this context, they have
been generalized to a much larger scale, a whole school. The best
practices that guided the work of this project are described below.
The central focus of all work was the child. The child was seen as a whole being developing over time and having critical points of development, both in the early years and at points of transition. Relationships were central to the support provided to children and families over time. Work and support was provided within the contexts in which children grow and develop. In addition, the children's physical environments were addressed to ensure that they were child-friendly. The overall orientation was towards prevention, with an emphasis on capacity, strengths, skill development, and resiliency. There was a constant effort to bridge contexts and cultures, both formal and informal.
While the practices employed at the Highfield Project may not be the sole domain of child and youth workers, the results strongly suggest that these practices can make a difference in the lives of children at risk. The results also suggest that these are practices and approaches that need to be blended with a formal setting such as a school in order to be a place that truly supports child development (McCain & Mustard, 2002).
References
Bissonnnette, M. (1998). Optimism, Hardiness and Resiliency: A Review of the Literature. Prepared for the Child and Family Partnership Project of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Government of Ontario. (1990). “Better Beginnings, Better Futures" project: Policy Research demonstration project. Primary prevention. Toronto, Canada: Queen's Printer for Ontario.
Kretzman, J. & McKnight, J. (1993). Building communities from the inside out: A path towards finding and mobilizing a community’s assets. Chicago, IL: Acta Publications.
McCain, M. N., & Mustard, J. F. (2002). The early years study three years later. Toronto. Ontario, Canada: The Founders” Network.
Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., & Racine, Y.A. (1989). Children at risk. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services.
Peters, R., D., Petrunka, K., & Arnold, R. (2003). The Better Beginnings, setter Futures Project: A Universal, Comprehensive, Community-Based Prevention Approach for Primary School Children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(2).
Schorr, L. B. (1997). Common purpose: Strengthening families and neighbourhoods to rebuild America. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday
Schorr, L. B. (1989). Within our reach. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday
Tomison, A. M., & Wise, A. (1999). Commumity based approaches in preventing child maltreatment. Issues in Child Abuse Prevention, 11.
This feature: Kelly, R. (2004) The school as a hub: Best practice model for child and youth work. Journal of Child and Youth Care Work. Vol.19. pp141-147
