Listen to thisChildren and youth in residential care often become experts at “manipulating” or confounding efforts to help them. Usually frightened by the thought of additional failure, they will avoid, circumvent, or prolong initial involvement in the very experiences and interactions which are designed to improve their self concepts and help them succeed in society. Some child care and youth care workers are adept in using approaches which help these children. Others, however, seem to choose approaches that “feed into” manipulators. In this brief article, an attempt will be made to open a discussion about manipulators and to share a few thoughts about what I consider to be the art of working with manipulators.
Manipulator defined
A manipulator is a youth who is able to avoid being significantly
affected by the helping system and at the same time neutralize the
consequences of such avoidance. Three examples come to mind:
Kevin
Kevin stated to his child care worker that he had been able to get doses
of medication by telling his therapist that he was hearing his mother’s
voice coming out of a crack in the wall of his bedroom. Even though
there was no indication that he was hallucinatory or suffering from a
serious psychological disorder, somehow he was able to get drugs while
being in treatment for drug problems.
Sue
Sue was placed in a private residential facility because the
correctional center in which she was previously placed was unable to
help her with sensitive emotional problems which she was avoiding.
However, when the treatment staff at the center tried to confront her on
these issues, she became extremely violent. Unable to handle her
violence, the residential facility sent her back to the correctional
facility. She once again had successfully avoided dealing with the real
problem.
Joey
Joey was sent to special day classes because of repeated truancies. At
the day school, when asked to participate, he’d make sexual comments to
the teacher for which he’d be repeatedly removed from the class.
In each of these cases the youths succeeded at reversing efforts to help them and subsequently perpetuated their own further failure. In each instance, if the workers had reacted differently, as we shall see later, the results might have been more positive.
Ineffective responses to manipulators
Ineffective responses to manipulators can be depicted as falling on a
continuum with “saviors” on one extreme and “technicians” on the other.
The saviors are typical of many people who come into human services with
big hearts, good intentions and few practical skills for working with
difficult-to-manage youth. They have a tendency to feel sorry for the
youth and to avoid holding them accountable for their behavior. Youths
usually like the saviors but do not respect their authority nor do they
feel very secure in their care. Consequently, saviors tend to spend a
great deal of time reacting to behavior and being disappointed with
their failures.
For example, in “Sue's” case, a savior would tend to encourage bringing Sue to the treatment program even though he/she didn’t have the management skills or the fortitude to be able to hold Sue responsible for her violent behavior. Then, if the savior’s attempts to be sympathetic were met with violent behavior, he/she would be left in a helpless reactive position which wouldn’t do Sue or the rest of the youth in the program any good.
Technicians analyze structures and attempt to develop strategies often to the point where their “bag of tricks” becomes more important than building relationships. They tend to spend an enormous amount of time trying to out-maneuver the youth; creating win/lose situations in which they inevitably lose both the battle and sight of the human side of working with children. Then, when they fail, they are quick to say, “Well, he never should have been here in the first place."
For example, in “Joey’s” case, a technician would tend to place emphasis on controlling Joey’s manipulative behavior with techniques and to miss relationship cues which showed that Joey was afraid of the learning process, and that he was reluctant to invest in another adult who he thought would only kick him out again anyhow. So each “technique” would be viewed by Joey as simply an attempt to get him involved in something he’d rather avoid in the first place.
These are, of course, extremes. My purpose is merely to present general examples of how we often fail with manipulators. In reality many workers tend to slide back and forth on the continuum or get pulled in one direction more often than another. The objective is to avoid these extremes, to find a comfortable balance in between where the worker can be both empathetic and technically competent in approaching the problems. Following are a few general guidelines which seem to help achieve this balance.
Guidelines
Know the Total Youth as Best You Can: The reasons one youth is
a manipulator are completely different from the reasons for another
youth. Therefore, it is impossible to work with a manipulator unless you
have a good grasp of the total youth. In most cases, this means having a
clear understanding of his specific treatment plan. Workers who work in
agencies without individual plans are working at a tremendous handicap.
Worker and Team Awareness: It almost goes without saying that workers have to have good self-awareness. Do I tend to be a savior or a technician, is the question workers might want to frequently ask themselves and their teammates.
Place the Youth’s Needs First: With a good awareness of one’s own needs, it is easier to place the youth’s needs first. It is difficult sometimes to put aside personal feelings and ambitions to do what is best for the youth, but it is essential if you want to succeed with manipulators.
Assume Manipulators Want to Change: It is much more productive to make the assumption that youth would choose a more productive course if they knew one than it is to assume they want to continue to ruin their lives and “get" the adults. This makes the main goal one of supporting, teaching and showing the youth alternatives as opposed to reprimanding them for intentionally manipulating.
Effective intervention
With these basic guidelines in mind, the task then becomes finding the
right balance. Manipulators, like most youth, require sensitive
empathetic (not sympathetic) workers. Empathy is a process in which the
worker attempts to understand the youth, to place him or herself in the
youth’s shoes, but it is also a process in which the worker continues to
hold the youth accountable or responsible for his actions in a firm,
consistent manner. Empathetic workers convey the message that they can’t and won’t accept certain behavior, but that they will always try to
accept the youth.
Technical skills are also needed. In recent years there have been a number of practical, reality-based approaches developed which are effective with manipulators (Vorrath and Brendtro, 1974; Brendtro and Ness, 1983). Workers should attempt to learn as many of these approaches and specific techniques as possible. The objective is to select techniques which are best suited to the needs of the youth and then use those techniques in an empathetic manner. With this type of blending, workers could have prepared for Sue and Joey in the following way.
Sue
Sensing that Sue needed a change of environment, the workers agreed to
bring her to their residential facility. However, before she arrived,
they sat down together and talked about how important it would be to
hold her accountable for her behavior and they shared various strategies
for doing this. They also cautioned one another not to expect immediate
results. Even if they were able to use some of the new group techniques
they had learned about, they knew it would not be easy. The goals would
be to repeatedly show her that they accepted her but not her violent
behavior and to get her to begin to talk about her problems.
Joey
Knowing that Joey would be there any day, the supervisor helped the
workers talk about their feelings about profanity and sexual innuendo.
They knew this would be Joey’s way of trying to turn them off or get a
negative reaction, and they wanted to be prepared for it. They would
tell him from the beginning that they didn’t like that kind of language,
but under no circumstances would he be suspended from school because he
swore. If he had to be isolated from class, he’d have to make it up
after school. The goal would be to give him the message that they wanted
him in school.
Summary
The purpose here has been to open a discussion of manipulators and
approaches to working with them. You may want to discuss the above
examples and guidelines with your colleagues. Then take this information
and apply it to manipulators in your own setting by plugging in
additional techniques and strategies which will encourage these youth to
choose a more productive course of action.
References
Vorrath, H. and Brendtro, L. (1974). Positive peer culture. Chicago: Aldine.
Brendtro, L. and Ness, A. (1983). Reeducating troubled youth. New York: Aldine.
This feature: Sullivan, J. (1986) The art of working with manipulators. Journal of Child and Youth Care Work. Vol.2 pp.19-22
